How did the ice ages affect the landscape of North America?

The ice ages had significant effects on the Earth's atmospheric conditions. They led to a decrease in the Earth's temperature, causing a drop in sea levels as water was locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. This also led to changes in the distribution of plants and animals, with many species moving to warmer areas. Additionally, the ice ages affected the composition of the atmosphere, with lower levels of carbon dioxide during glacial periods.

The ice ages had significant impacts on the Earth's water systems. They led to the formation of many of today's geographical features, including valleys, mountains, and lakes. The weight of the ice sheets also depressed the Earth's crust, causing changes in the flow of rivers and the formation of new water bodies. Additionally, the melting of ice sheets contributed to sea level rise, altering the coastline and leading to the creation of new islands and peninsulas. The ice ages also affected ocean currents, which in turn influenced climate patterns.