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Synopsis

Imagine being trapped under rubble after a natural disaster until a cockroach wriggles in from under a rock. Minutes later, the ruble is removed, and you're pulled to safety. Wait a minute - did a cockroach save your life? Not exactly. While researchers in Japan have actually created cyborg cockroaches to help find survivors trapped under rubble after earthquakes, that's not what we're talking about. We're talking about microbots - tiny robots designed to replicate the movements of small creatures like bugs to reach spaces that humans can't for everything from search and rescue to inspection to even space exploration.

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Microbots could potentially be used in the field of transportation for tasks such as inspection and maintenance of vehicles and infrastructure. They could be used to access hard-to-reach areas of vehicles or infrastructure to perform inspections or repairs, reducing the need for human intervention and potentially improving safety and efficiency. Additionally, microbots could be used in logistics, for example, to sort and move packages in warehouses or distribution centers.

Microbots can be used in the field of telecommunications in several ways. They can be used for the inspection and maintenance of complex telecommunication infrastructure, reaching spaces that are difficult for humans to access. They can also be used to lay down and repair telecommunication lines, especially in challenging environments. Furthermore, microbots can be used in the development of new telecommunication technologies, such as swarm communication, where a network of microbots communicate and work together to perform tasks.

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Microbots are most commonly used in the biotech industry to develop diagnostic and targeted therapeutics to monitor and treat disease. But they've been used for environmental monitoring, soil remediation, agricultural research, jet engine inspection, and search and rescue. Not only that - they're about to be used for a ton more stuff as this technology has advanced rapidly over the past few years. In this report, we cover how small robots work and what they can do, and then cover the most incredible opportunities that are about to be unlocked with this technology.

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Microbots have immense potential in the field of nanotechnology. They are already being used in the biotech industry for developing diagnostic and targeted therapeutics to monitor and treat diseases. They are also used for environmental monitoring, soil remediation, agricultural research, jet engine inspection, and search and rescue. The technology has advanced rapidly over the past few years, opening up even more opportunities. In the future, we can expect to see microbots being used in even more diverse fields and applications.

Microbot technology has seen several groundbreaking innovations. They are widely used in the biotech industry for developing diagnostic and targeted therapeutics to monitor and treat diseases. They have also been used for environmental monitoring, soil remediation, agricultural research, jet engine inspection, and search and rescue operations. The technology is advancing rapidly, unlocking incredible opportunities in various fields.

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What small robots can do today

Everyone knows those giant robot arms used on automotive assembly lines to make cars. In contrast, there's a myth that small robots are nonindustrial, inflexible toys. But many industrial manufacturers use small robots to mass produce and assemble automotive electronic control units, cell phones, medical devices, printed circuit boards, and syringes.

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Nanobots, due to their small size and precision, can contribute to sustainable manufacturing practices in several ways. They can reduce waste by working with high accuracy, thus minimizing errors and the need for rework. They can also operate in environments that are hazardous to humans, reducing the need for safety measures and the associated resources. Furthermore, nanobots can potentially work at a molecular level, enabling the creation of new materials and processes that are more efficient and less harmful to the environment.

The potential impacts of nanobots on the labor market in the manufacturing sector could be significant. They could lead to increased automation, potentially reducing the need for human labor in certain tasks. This could lead to job displacement in some areas, but could also create new jobs in others, such as in the design, production, and maintenance of the nanobots. Additionally, nanobots could increase efficiency and productivity, potentially leading to cost savings for manufacturers.

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Benchtop robots are used for knitting, machine tending, parts feeding, test, and inspection tasks, and can dispense adhesives, polish and tighten screws and solder parts on assembly lines. These small robots are typically classified by their reach of 500 millimeters or less with a payload capacity under 3 kilograms. One benchtop unit is only 12 inches tall, with a base the size of the palm of your hand and weighs less than 5 kilograms. Another is the size of an 8.5 by 11 sheet of paper.

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Benchtop robots can contribute to reducing production time by automating repetitive tasks such as knitting, machine tending, parts feeding, testing, and inspection. They can also dispense adhesives, polish and tighten screws, and solder parts on assembly lines. Their small size and light weight allow them to be easily integrated into existing production lines, increasing efficiency and productivity.

Benchtop robots can be used in the food industry for tasks such as precision cutting, sorting, packaging, and even cooking. They can handle delicate items without causing damage, and their small size and precision make them ideal for handling small or intricate food items. They can also work at high speeds, increasing efficiency and productivity.

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Then, there's MiGriBot - the Miniaturized Gripper Robot. MiGriBot is the world's fastest microbot. It can grasp and move a micro-object 720 times per minute with the accuracy of a micrometer. That's a millionth of a meter. These MiGriBots will soon be used to create mini assembly lines for microfactories. They'll assemble microelectronics for smartphones, computers, or even nanotechnology such as nanosensors to detect toxic chemicals or cancer cells. And the ability to produce microtechnology en mass without the need for giant arms could reduce electricity on a massive scale.

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The primary environmental benefit of using MiGriBot in microfactories is the potential for significant energy savings. As MiGriBot can produce microtechnology en masse without the need for large machinery, it could reduce electricity consumption on a massive scale. This reduction in energy use could lead to a decrease in carbon emissions, contributing to environmental sustainability.

MiGriBot, the world's fastest microbot, can contribute to the detection of toxic chemicals or cancer cells through its potential application in nanotechnology. Specifically, it can be used to assemble nanosensors. These nanosensors can be designed to detect toxic chemicals or cancer cells, providing a new, highly sensitive method for early detection and monitoring. This is possible due to MiGriBot's ability to grasp and move micro-objects with the accuracy of a micrometer, allowing for precise assembly of these nanosensors.

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Now if you thought MiGriBot was small… Meet peaky - the smallest remote-controlled walking robot ever created. Only a half-millimeter wide, Peaky is smaller than a flea. Developed after a peekytoe crab, it can bend, crawl, twist, and jump. These microbots are intended to repair small structures or assemble tiny machines. But they're nowhere near industrial scale yet. Powering robots of this size can be a problem. In Peaky's case, no batteries are required. It uses a shape-memory alloy that deforms and reforms as a laser beam hits it to create movement.

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Powering small robots like Peaky presents several challenges. One of the main issues is the size of the power source. Traditional power sources, like batteries, are often too large to fit into such small robots. Additionally, these power sources may not provide enough energy for the robot's operations. In the case of Peaky, it uses a shape-memory alloy that deforms and reforms as a laser beam hits it to create movement, eliminating the need for batteries. However, this solution may not be feasible for all small robots, especially those that need to operate independently or in environments where a laser beam cannot reach.

The shape-memory alloy in Peaky works to create movement without the need for batteries by deforming and reforming when a laser beam hits it. This change in shape caused by the laser beam allows the robot to move.

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The same team created millimeter-sized robots inspired by beetles, crickets, and inchworms, as well as a winged microchip. This chip became the world's smallest flying human-made structure at the size of a grain of sand. These tiny, sensor-carrying, solar-powered devices replicate dandelions blown by the wind. While 30x as heavy as a 1-milligram dandelion, it can still travel the length of a football field in a moderate breeze, then share data up to 60 meters away. Their wireless sensors can monitor temperature and humidity changes across farms or forests or track air contamination like GHG emissions or airborne disease.

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By 2023, we can expect significant advancements in the field of nanobots. The development of smaller, more efficient robots is likely to continue, with inspiration drawn from various creatures like beetles, crickets, and inchworms. We might see the creation of nanobots the size of a grain of sand, equipped with sensors and powered by solar energy. These nanobots could be capable of traveling long distances, propelled by the wind. They might also be able to wirelessly transmit data over considerable distances. In terms of applications, these nanobots could be used to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity across large areas like farms or forests. They could also be used to track air contamination, including greenhouse gas emissions or airborne diseases.

The weight of nanobots can significantly affect their ability to travel and collect data. As per the content, the nanobots, despite being 30 times heavier than a 1-milligram dandelion, can still travel the length of a football field in a moderate breeze. This is due to their small size and the fact that they are solar-powered. Their weight allows them to be carried by the wind, and they can share data up to 60 meters away. Therefore, while their weight might pose some limitations, it does not hinder their ability to travel and collect data.

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Many microbot creators use biomimicry to style microbots, classified by components with dimensions smaller than a millimeter and larger than a micrometer, after insects some of the smallest organisms in our world. This jumping bugbot is meant to perform structural evaluations or take water samples where only bugs can reach. Another bot mimics the ability of animals to use springtails to right themselves in mid-flight.

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By 2023, we can expect significant advancements in the field of nanotechnology. The development of nanobots is likely to be at the forefront, with these tiny robots being designed to mimic insects and animals. They will be capable of performing tasks such as structural evaluations and water sampling in areas that are otherwise inaccessible. Furthermore, advancements in nanotechnology will likely enable these nanobots to self-right in mid-flight, similar to certain animals. It's also anticipated that nanotechnology will unlock incredible opportunities in various fields, including medicine, environmental science, and manufacturing.

Microbots are often designed to mimic the abilities of insects and animals to enhance their functionality. For instance, some microbots are designed after insects, which are some of the smallest organisms in our world. This design allows them to perform tasks such as structural evaluations or water sampling in areas that only small creatures like bugs can reach. Similarly, some microbots mimic the ability of animals to right themselves in mid-flight, enhancing their stability and control during operations.

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Small, self-navigating drones are meant to think and move like bees to pollinate flowers. The autonomous RoboBee will explore hazardous environments, perform search and rescue, and just like its natural inspiration, assist with agriculture. Scientists plan to use the RoboFly to find gas leaks or harvest energy from radio frequencies.

Beyond agriculture, potential applications of insect-inspired bots include manufacturing, surveillance and defense. The Black Hornet Nano helicopter weighs only 16 grams, is four inches long, and is built to sustain storms. Currently priced at $200K, the military uses it for situational awareness and to find potential threats on the battlefield. The US Navy has the Gecko Robotics Phased Array robotic platform that crawls in 3D spaces to inspect damages in places sailors can't reach. Both of these could soon be replaced with even smaller robots.

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The development of smaller robots could significantly impact the current use of nanobots in the military and naval sectors. Smaller robots could potentially replace the existing nanobots due to their size advantage, allowing them to access and inspect areas that are currently unreachable. They could also be more efficient in identifying potential threats on the battlefield due to their smaller size and enhanced maneuverability. Furthermore, smaller robots could be more cost-effective, reducing the financial burden on the military and naval sectors.

Insect-inspired nanobots have potential applications in both manufacturing and defense. In manufacturing, they could be used to inspect damages in hard-to-reach places, improving safety and efficiency. In defense, they could be used for surveillance, providing situational awareness and identifying potential threats on the battlefield. These nanobots are designed to be resilient, capable of withstanding harsh conditions.

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Last year, researchers from MIT and Harvard made tiny, agile drones that maneuver like actual bugs. The researchers created artificial muscles for these aerial robots to hover for 20 seconds and weigh less than a fourth of a penny. Researchers previously created autonomous underwater explorers that work together and communicate in swarms. Recent tests used vibrations to influence how hundreds and thousands of microbot collectives move, operating like a literal hive mind.

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The potential applications of the microbot collectives developed by MIT and Harvard researchers are vast and varied. They could be used in a range of fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, and disaster response. In medicine, they could be used for targeted drug delivery, performing minimally invasive surgeries, or even repairing tissues at a cellular level. In environmental monitoring, they could be used to gather data in hard-to-reach areas, or monitor conditions in real-time. In disaster response, they could be used to search and rescue operations in hazardous environments where it's too dangerous for humans to enter.

The hive mind operation of microbot collectives greatly influences their movement and functionality. This is because the microbots are designed to work together and communicate in swarms, similar to how a hive of bees operates. Each microbot is capable of simple tasks, but when they work together as a collective, they can perform complex tasks. The hive mind operation allows the microbots to coordinate their movements and actions, enabling them to move and function as a single entity. This collective intelligence allows for efficient movement and functionality, as the microbots can adapt to changes in their environment and respond to challenges as a group.

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For all these robots to operate autonomously, they'll need computer vision tools to see. LiDar, used to power some self-driving cars, relies on large, clunky sensors. This has gotten smaller too. The smallest, lightest scanning LiDar available is called SF45 and has been added to a tiny drone rover. But this will need to be scaled down even further to be used by microbots.

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Drone rover technology, particularly the development of smaller and lighter scanning LiDar sensors, is contributing to the future of nanobots by providing them with the necessary tools to operate autonomously. The smallest, lightest scanning LiDar available, called SF45, has been added to a tiny drone rover. This technology will need to be scaled down even further to be used by nanobots, but it's a significant step towards enabling these tiny robots to navigate and perform tasks independently.

SF45 plays a crucial role in the evolution of nanobots by providing them with the ability to operate autonomously. It is a type of LiDar, a light detection and ranging technology, used for computer vision tools. In the context of nanobots, SF45 is used to enable them to 'see'. However, for it to be used by microbots, it needs to be scaled down even further.

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Microbots plus nanotechnology equals... nanobots!

Smaller than microbots are nanobots, with parts smaller than a micrometer in the nanometer range. Nanomaterials were developed for drug delivery, electronics, fuel and solar cells, and could someday be used for space exploration - but more on this later.

Nanotechnology is currently used in soil remediation, where nanomaterials are released directly into the soil. Nanomaterials detect and treat soil pollutants and can stabilize solid waste as well as control soil erosion. Recent developments in nanotech have increased the effectiveness of adsorbent materials to provide new innovative systems to improve environmental remediation. Researchers have shown how tiny self-propelled "nano-swimmers" could release nanomaterials themselves to improve remediation or water filtration. And researchers have already developed nanosystems and nanomaterials to remove pollutants like heavy metals or even radioactive waste from water. Researchers have also created a proof of concept to use microbots to break down microplastics from drinking water or wastewater.

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Significant advancements have been made in the use of nanosystems for the removal of pollutants from water. Researchers have developed nanosystems and nanomaterials that can effectively detect and treat various pollutants. For instance, self-propelled nanobots have been designed to release nanomaterials that can improve environmental remediation. These nanobots can stabilize solid waste, control soil erosion, and enhance the effectiveness of adsorbent materials. Furthermore, nanotechnology has been used to create a system that uses microbots to break down microplastics from drinking water or wastewater.

Nanomaterials can contribute to the stabilization of solid waste and control of soil erosion in several ways. They can detect and treat soil pollutants, which helps in maintaining the health of the soil. They can also stabilize solid waste, which can prevent the waste from spreading and causing further pollution. Additionally, nanomaterials can control soil erosion by strengthening the soil structure and preventing it from being washed away by water or wind. Recent developments in nanotechnology have increased the effectiveness of these materials, providing innovative systems for environmental remediation.

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Controls to make this nanotech work autonomously will be the most difficult aspect of development. Researchers recently created the world's smallest walking robot. The width of a human hair, they walk autonomously with a circuit on board and no external controls - a huge feat. While microscale now, similar techniques will need to be printed at nanoscale for nanobots.

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The techniques used in creating the world's smallest walking robot can be applied to the development of nanobots by scaling down the technology. The smallest walking robot operates autonomously with an onboard circuit and no external controls. This is a significant achievement that can be applied to nanobots. However, the challenge lies in printing these techniques at a nanoscale, which is much smaller than the current microscale. This would involve advancements in nanotechnology and manufacturing processes.

Developing controls for autonomous nanobots presents several challenges. Firstly, the size of nanobots makes it difficult to incorporate complex control systems. Secondly, the autonomous operation of nanobots requires advanced algorithms and programming to ensure they can perform tasks independently. Thirdly, power supply for these nanobots is another challenge as traditional power sources are too large. Lastly, the ability to communicate with these nanobots and control them remotely is a significant challenge due to their size and the potential for signal interference at such small scales.

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The tiny doctor is in - small bots in medicine

Micro and nanotechnology is most in demand for healthcare applications, where biomimicry is also applied. These micro-scallops, only a fraction of a millimeter in size, are designed to navigate the human bloodstream - and even the human eye. Scientists already directed a swarm of microscopic swimming robots to clear out pneumonia microbes from the lungs of mice.

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Microscopic swimming robots, also known as nanobots, have shown significant advancements in treating diseases like pneumonia. They are designed to navigate the human bloodstream and have been successfully used to clear out pneumonia microbes from the lungs of mice. These nanobots, only a fraction of a millimeter in size, use the principles of biomimicry and are a promising application of micro and nanotechnology in healthcare.

Biomimicry plays a significant role in the design of micro-scallops for healthcare. It involves mimicking nature's mechanisms and designs to solve complex human problems. In the case of micro-scallops, biomimicry is applied to create a design that can navigate the human bloodstream and even the human eye effectively. These micro-scallops, which are only a fraction of a millimeter in size, are designed to mimic the swimming mechanisms of certain microorganisms, enabling them to move efficiently in fluid environments. This allows them to perform tasks such as clearing out pneumonia microbes from the lungs, as demonstrated in experiments with mice.

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An equivalent intravenous antibiotic injection would need to be 3,000x higher to achieve the same result. This could improve antibiotic penetration to save more lives - as one million adults in the US are hospitalized for pneumonia, and 50,000 die yearly. Worldwide, pneumonia kills 2.5 million people on average.

This nanobot taken as a pill can inject drugs such as insulin directly into the intestine, where the user doesn't feel the pain of the shot. Microbotics have also led to the creation of the world's smallest pacemaker. Researchers at Penn Dental have used microbots to treat difficult-to-reach areas of the root canal for biofilms, drug delivery, or retrieval of diagnostic samples. Shapeshifting microbots have also been used to brush and floss teeth. Robots 10x smaller than a red blood cell may soon be used to fight cancer cells, controlled by ultrasound waves. Or magnets could be used to deliver medicine via nanorods directly to the spinal cord. Other microbots can change shape and harden to mimic bone growth.

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Nanobots inside the human body can be controlled using various methods. One of the most common methods is through the use of ultrasound waves. These waves can guide the nanobots to the desired location in the body. Another method is through the use of magnets. Nanobots can be designed to respond to magnetic fields, allowing them to be directed to specific areas of the body. Additionally, some nanobots can change shape and harden to mimic bone growth, allowing them to be used in bone repair and regeneration.

Nanobots can mimic bone growth by changing their shape and hardening. This process is similar to how natural bone growth occurs in the body. The nanobots can be programmed to take on the shape and hardness of bone tissue, allowing them to replace or support damaged or missing bone. This technology is still in its early stages, but it holds great promise for the future of medical treatments and procedures.

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Nanobots can also spread targeted antibiotics throughout an entire wound, a major improvement compared to typical antibiotics that only kill bacteria where locally administered. This technology could be used to fight bacteria hiding in the knee or other joint implants or to treat kidney stones. Bacteria is the fourth largest cause of death in US hospitals and kills approximately 1.2 million people per year.

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Nanobots can play a significant role in combating bacterial infections in US hospitals. They can be programmed to target and destroy specific bacteria throughout an entire wound, which is a major improvement compared to typical antibiotics that only kill bacteria where locally administered. This technology could also be used to eliminate bacteria hiding in joint implants or to treat kidney stones. Given that bacterial infections are a major issue in US hospitals, nanobots could potentially save many lives.

Nanobots can enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics by ensuring a more comprehensive reach of the medication. Unlike traditional antibiotics that only kill bacteria where they are locally administered, nanobots can traverse throughout an entire wound or infected area. This allows for a more thorough eradication of bacteria, even those hiding in hard-to-reach areas such as joint implants or kidney stones. This technology could significantly reduce the number of deaths caused by bacterial infections in hospitals.

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Microbots have taken the form of everything from magnetic slime to pasta to navigate the human body and retrieve objects once inside. Eventually, these microbots could be assembled into swarms to deliver drugs or unblock arteries. One company, Bionaut Labs, plans clinical trials within two years for its microbots injected into the body and guided by magnets to treat congenital brain malformations and tumors. It's not just humans microbots could heal. Similar applications could be used to create nanorobots that heal themselves, too. Researchers have made nanobots that self-repair themselves when broken apart and repair circuits when they become damaged, such as those used to power electric car batteries.

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Nanobots could potentially be used to improve the functionality and longevity of electric car batteries in several ways. Firstly, they could be used to monitor the health of the battery and detect any issues early on, before they become major problems. This could include detecting and repairing minor damage to the battery cells, which could help to extend the battery's lifespan. Secondly, nanobots could potentially be used to improve the efficiency of the battery's energy storage and release processes, which could help to increase the battery's capacity and power output. Finally, nanobots could potentially be used to recycle or regenerate the battery's materials, which could help to reduce the environmental impact of electric car batteries.

Self-healing nanobots have the potential to revolutionize the technology industry. They could be used in various fields, such as medicine, where they could deliver drugs or unblock arteries, and in the automotive industry, where they could be used to power electric car batteries. These nanobots could repair themselves when broken apart or damaged, increasing their lifespan and efficiency. This could lead to cost savings in the long run, as the need for replacement parts and maintenance could be reduced. Furthermore, the development and production of these nanobots could stimulate economic growth and create new jobs in the technology sector.

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self-assemblepotentially dangerous

Future opportunities of microbots

The next microbot medical frontier will be tiny biohybrid robots, remote-controlled to perform high-precision biochemical operations. They'll be no bigger than a biological cell, or even smaller, to travel through the circulatory system, the ideal delivery route. Biohybrid nanobots could eventually remove blood clots from the brain without surgery, deliver drugs directly to organs, or assist with fertilization. [text]Nanomedicine is particularly focused on localized therapies to combat cancer, and plenty of progress has been made. Scientists most recently tested magnets to deliver cancer-killing microbots directly to tumors. Nanobots could eventually enhance CRISPR too. Recent funding for CRISPR-based approaches to detect and treat sepsis included hybrid bio-inorganic nanobot applications. There's even a proof of concept microbot that could bioprint healthy cells directly inside the human body, where we need them to grow or heal - like to repair gastric wounds. It's currently believed that biohybrid nanobots like this could begin to inhabit our bodies by 2030 at the earliest.

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Bio-nano robots could significantly enhance the safety and efficiency of spacesuits during medical emergencies in several ways. Firstly, they could self-repair damage to the spacesuit, ensuring the astronaut's safety by maintaining the suit's integrity. Secondly, they could seal punctures, preventing potential exposure to the harsh space environment. Lastly, they could provide drugs directly to astronauts during medical emergencies, potentially saving lives by providing immediate medical assistance.

Carbon nanotubes could revolutionize the construction of spaceships and space elevators by making them more lightweight. This is due to the high strength-to-weight ratio of carbon nanotubes, which allows for the creation of stronger, yet lighter materials. This could significantly reduce the cost and energy required for space travel. Additionally, carbon nanotubes have excellent thermal and electrical conductivity properties, which could improve the performance of spaceships and space elevators. For instance, they could be used in the construction of solar sails, harnessing solar radiation for propulsion.

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The farthest out nanobot application is space exploration, as many space agencies have various types and stages of plans in the works to add nanosensors and nanorobots to improve the performance of spaceships, spacesuits, and space rovers. For example, carbon nanotubes could make more lightweight spaceships, space elevators, or solar sails. Layers of bio-nano robots to space suits could self-repair damage, seal punctures, or even provide drugs to astronauts directly during medical emergencies.

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Nanotechnology, specifically nanosensors, play a crucial role in monitoring life support systems in spacecraft. They can detect and monitor trace levels of harmful chemicals, ensuring the safety and well-being of the crew. These nanosensors can also search for essential chemicals like water on planets like Mars. This technology is part of the broader application of nanotechnology in space exploration, which also includes concepts like nanoships or nanoprobes for universe exploration.

Nanobots could significantly enhance the functionality of rovers in space in several ways. Firstly, they could be used to search planets like Mars for essential chemicals like water, or monitor trace levels of harmful chemicals as part of a ship's life support system. Secondly, nanobots could be used to create nanoships or nanoprobes to explore the universe. For instance, NASA's SWIM concept, which was awarded $600,000 in funding, could potentially replace NASA's Ingenuity helicopter to inform rovers about their environment. Each robot in the swarm would be armed with its own propulsion and communication systems. However, there are still challenges to overcome, such as potential collisions with gas and dust floating in space.

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Space agencies could also use nanosensors could search planets like Mars for essential chemicals like water, or monitor trace levels of harmful chemicals as part of a ship's life support system. Scientists could also create nanoships (or nanoprobes) to even explore the universe. NASA had plans for an autonomous nanotechnology swarm known as ANTS, and more recently, the SWIM concept was awarded $600,000 in funding. SWIM could potentially replace NASA's Ingenuity helicopter to inform rovers about their environment, arming each robot in the swam with its own propulsion and communication systems. NASA also announced plans for its "starchip" project in 2016, but collisions with gas and dust floating in space would be enough to be catastrophic to the crafts, so it's still in progress.

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The development of nanoships could revolutionize our understanding of the universe by enabling us to explore space in ways that were previously impossible. These tiny spacecrafts, equipped with their own propulsion and communication systems, could be sent to distant planets and galaxies to gather data and send it back to Earth. They could search for essential chemicals like water on planets like Mars, monitor trace levels of harmful chemicals as part of a ship's life support system, and even explore the universe beyond our solar system. This could provide us with invaluable information about the universe and potentially even help us discover extraterrestrial life.

Nanosensors could have several potential applications in space exploration. They could be used to search planets like Mars for essential chemicals such as water, or monitor trace levels of harmful chemicals as part of a spacecraft's life support system. Additionally, nanosensors could be incorporated into nanoships or nanoprobes to explore the universe. They could also be used in autonomous nanotechnology swarms to inform rovers about their environment, each robot in the swarm having its own propulsion and communication systems.

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With accelerating exponential advancements in AI, it's conceivable the technology to send these self-replicating nanoprobes into space could be ready by 2050. But we'll let Michio Kaku have the last word on this one.