The ice ages had significant effects on the Earth's ecosystems. They led to the formation of new landscapes as glaciers carved out valleys and mountains. The weight of the ice also depressed the Earth's crust, causing changes in sea levels. Furthermore, the ice ages led to shifts in the distribution of plants and animals, as species had to adapt to colder temperatures and changing habitats. Some species went extinct, while others evolved new traits to survive. The ice ages also affected human evolution and migration patterns.
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